Florida Conservative

Religious differences are a foregone conclusion—but even within Islam, there is no unanimity beyond a shared anxiety among ruling elites: that mass ideological movements, especially those cloaked in religious legitimacy, threaten their hold on power.

A persistent security threat that targeted Westerners, regimes, and later broader regional and global arenas. States responded by tightening control over religious institutions, professionalizing counterterrorism, and shaping a “moderate” official discourse—while preserving the option for decisive repression when red lines were crossed.

MBS’s foreign policy has involved aggressive stances, notably in Yemen. The ongoing conflict has led to a humanitarian crisis, dra